Knowledge base - Language phần Graphs dạy cho Học Sinh

Normalized Content

Language phần Graphs dạy cho Học Sinh

Đọc file language sau. Sử dụng những cấu trúc trong file này để chữa lỗi và gợi ý cải thiện câu cho học sinh

I. Language for writing the introduction

Cấu trúc: [Subject] + [Verb] + [what the chart represents] + [time]

Học sinh được chọn từ các lựa chọn sau:

[Subject]: The chart, The [specific chart], The statistics

[Verb]: show, illustrate, demonstrate, provide information on/about, compare, present, depict

[what the chart represents]: học sinh phải paraphrase đề bài. Học sinh có thể tham khảo paraphrase theo cách sau:

Paraphrase NP
The number of … => how many S - V	the number of cars sold each year how many cars were sold each year
The amount of … => how much S - V	The amount of water used by households decreased => How much water households used
The percentage of … => The proportion of N (+ Ving/V3ed)	The percentage of students in online courses => The proportion of students attending online courses
The proportion of … => The percentage of N (+ Ving/V3ed)	The percentage of participants in different physical activities => the proportion of people participating in different physical activities

[time]

• 1 năm/tháng: dùng “in …”
• Quãng thời gian: year-year => over a X-year period, starting/commencing/beginning from … (ví dụ 1990-2000 => over a 10-year period, starting from 1990. AI lưu ý là chỉ cần dẫn năm đầu, không cần dẫn năm cuối)

Ví dụ introduction hoàn chỉnh:

The chart shows the number of cars made in three countries from 2003-2009.

=> The statistics illustrate how many cars were made in three countries over a 6-year period, starting from 2003.

II. Language for writing the overview

Trend:

• What is notable from the chart is that all [categories] witnessed an upward/a downward trend
• What is notable from the chart is that all [categories] witnessed an upward/a downward trend with the exception of [A].
• What is notable from the chart is that all [categories] witnessed an upward/a downward trend except [A].
• What is notable from the chart is that A and B witnessed an upward/a downward trend whereas CD exhibited a contrasting pattern.

Compare:

• Among all the [categories], A is the most [adj] during the entire surveyed period.
• Among all the [categories], A held the top spot during the entire surveyed period.
• Among all the [categories], A is the most [adj] at the beginning of the period but was then replaced by B at the end.
• Among all the [categories], A held the top spot at the start; however, this position belonged to B at the end of the period.
• Among all the [categories], A held the top spot during almost the entire surveyed period except [year/period] when B took the leading position.
• What is notable from the chart is that all categories had more A than B.
• While [X and Y] had more A than B, the reverse pattern could be observed in the remaining groups (except V which had equal numbers)
• Among all the [categories], X had the highest figures for both A and B.
• Among all the [categories], X had the highest number/amount/percentage of A whereas the highest figure for B belonged to Y.

Ví dụ:

Overall, all five countries witnessed an ascending trend in the number of arrivals, with France experiencing the biggest increase. Among the five, the USA and France emerged as the most common destinations, attracting the highest number of international tourists in 2010.

Overall, the consumption of China and the Middle East would witness an upward trend while the opposite would be the case for the USA as well as Western Europe and Japan. Among the four, the US would remain the largest market for oil.

Overall, the US and Western Europe & Japan (WEJ) are expected to register a descending trend while China and the Middle East will take the opposite direction. Among these four, the USA is predicted remain as the top oil-consuming market.

Overall, the electricity consumption of country B, C and D experienced an increasing trend while the figure for country A witnessed a considerable decrease and that for country E fluctuated mildly. Of the five countries, although country A consumed the highest amount of electricity, country B overtook it in the second half of the period.

Overall, Argentina and Thailand witnessed an ascending trend in the number of automobiles produced whereas the opposite was the case in Australia. Among the three countries, Thailand dominated the automobile industry throughout the time shown.

Overall, broadband is more popular than dial-up in the US and Japan while the opposite is the case for the UK and India. In addition, Australia was the only country where both methods share the same proportions of subscribers and India has the lowest percentage of people with household Internet access.

Overall, all countries produced more electrical power than they consumed, with the exception of Germany where the pattern was reversed. Among the ten, China and the US were by far the biggest producers and consumers.

Overall, according to the outcome of the survey, sport was the most favourite subject in school A. Meanwhile, the majority of students in school B stated that they enjoyed craft and drawing the most.

III. Language of Comparison (sử dụng cho Body Paragraph).

Đối với nhóm này, học sinh được dạy 2 nhóm cấu trúc.

a. Nhóm [Data],[Comparison]

Nhóm cấu trúc này có 2 phần, được ngăn ra bởi dấu phẩy. Phần đầu được dùng để giới thiệu dữ liệu của một category, phần sau được dùng để thực hiện các phép so sánh (so sánh nhất, so sánh hơn, so sánh bằng)

Phần đầu [Data]	Phần sau [Comparison]
Cấu trúc kinh điển: The number/amount/percentage/proportion of A is/stands at [data] Sau đó, ta sẽ đa dạng hóa cấu trúc bằng cách thay đổi chủ ngữ - Chọn Data làm chủ ngữ - Chọn A làm chủ ngữ - Chọn There làm chủ ngữ Ví dụ: The number of students choosing English is 30 => 30 students chose to learn English => English was chosen by 30 students => There are 30 students who chose English	So sánh nhất , (which is) the highest figure among the categories. , making it the [superlative comparison] , solidifying its position as the the leading/top [category] , establishing it as the the leading/top [category]
So sánh hơn , (which is) [x] higher than the figure for B. , surpassing/exceeding the figure for B by [x]. , (which is) [x] times as high as the figure for B. , (which is) double/triple/quadruple the figure for B. , while the figure for B is significantly/slightly lower at [dataB]
So sánh bằng , (which is) similar to/equal to/the same as the figure for B.

Ví dụ:

Nếu muốn so sánh số lượng học sinh chọn môn tiếng Anh (30) với những môn khác, ta có thể viết:

So sánh nhất:

=> The number of students choosing English is 30, which is the highest figure among the categories.

=> 30 students chose to learn English, making it the most popular subject.

=> English was chosen by 30 students, solidifying its position as the leading choice.

=> There are 30 students who chose English, establishing it as the most common option.

So sánh hơn: English 30 vs Japanese 10

=> The number of students choosing English is 30, which is 20 people higher than the figure for Japanese.

=> 30 students chose to learn English, surpassing the figure for Japanese by 20 people.

=> English was chosen by 30 students, which is three times as high as the figure for Japanese.

=> There are 30 students who chose English, triple the figure for Japanese.

=> 30 students chose to learn English, while the figure for Japanese was considerably lower at 10 students.

So sánh hơn: Food spending 31% versus Leisure spending 15%

=> Food spending accounts for 31%, which is 16% higher than the figure for leisure.

=> The percentage of money spent on food is 31%, surpassing the figure for leisure by 16%.

=> 31% of total spending belongs to food, which is around double leisure expenses.

=> There was 31% of total spending that was allocated to food, while leisure expenditure was significantly lower at 15%.

So sánh bằng:

=> The number of students choosing English is 30, similar to the figure for German.

b. Nhóm [Comparison],[Data]

Nhóm cấu trúc này có 2 phần, được ngăn ra bởi dấu phẩy. Phần đầu được dùng dùng để thực hiện các phép so sánh (thường dùng Ranking), phần sau dùng các đuôi cấu trúc ngữ pháp để giới thiệu dữ liệu.

Phần đầu [Comparison]	Phần sau [Data]
1st A emerged as the leading category, A held the highest position, Among the [list of items], in first place was A, Of all the [Ns], securing the top position was A, Middle This was (closely) followed by B (and C), B (and C) (closely) followed behind, Far/Slightly below was/were B (and C), Occupying the second position was B, Last place At the bottom of the list was D, In last place was D, At the bottom of the list came D,	Dẫn 1 số liệu , at [data] , with Noun Phrase (Noun Phrase = N / V + Ving / N + V3ed) , as its figure stood at …
So sánh hơn , at [x] and [y] respectively/in turn. , with respective figures being [x] and [y]. , as their corresponding figures stood at [x] and [y].

Ví dụ:

In first place was France, with 90 million visiting this country.

This was followed by Spain and the US, as their respective figures stood at 80M and 70M visitors.

Slightly below were Spain and the US, with respective figures being 80M and 70M visitors.

At the bottom of the list were Australia and Austria, at around 40M each.

At the bottom of the list came Australia and Austria, with 40M each.

c. Kết hợp cấu trúc

• Dẫn số liệu A + A hạng 1st, so sánh với B

Ví dụ:

• In September, with 12000 patients, hospital A held the top spot, closely followed by hospital B, with 10500 patients.
• In September, with 12000 patients, hospital A held the top spot, surpassing the figure for hospital B by 1500 patients.
• In September, with 12000 patients, hospital A held the top spot, while the figure for hospital B was slightly lower at 10500 patients.
• Ranking C + số liệu C, so sánh với D

Ví dụ:

• This was followed by Hospital C, with 9000 patients, double the figure for Hospital D.
• Far below was Hospital C, at 9000 patients, which was twice as high as the figure for Hospital D.
• Occupying the third position was Hospital C, with 9000 patients, exceeding the figure for Hospital D by 4500 patients.

d. Cấu trúc group figures

The figures for the remaining categories vary slightly, ranging from … to …

For the remaining categories, their figures show marginal differences, spanning from … to …

A, B, and C display minor discrepancies, with figures varying from … to …

Ví dụ:

	…	Malaysia	Singapore	Vietnam
The number of visitors	…	8M	9M	7M

The figures for the remaining categories vary slightly, ranging from 7M to 9M

For the remaining categories, their figures show marginal differences, spanning from 7M to 9M.

Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam display minor discrepancies, with figures varying from 7M to 9M.

IV. Language of Trend (Sử dụng cho Body Paragraph)

1. Useful vocabulary

Để mô tả Trend, học sinh có thể chọn 1 trong 2 cách diễn đạt sau: (lưu ý: nếu học sinh viết đúng 1 trong 2 kiểu thì AI tuyệt đối không được chấm sai hoặc đề nghị sửa)

Cách 1: adverb + Verb / Verb + adverb chọn từ các bảng sau

Trend	Verb
tăng	Increase, grow, rise, climb, surge (tăng mạnh), skyrocket (tăng mạnh), soar (tăng mạnh)
giảm	Decrease, decline, drop, fall, plunge (giảm mạnh), plummet (giảm mạnh)
Giữ nguyên	Remain stable, remain unchanged, remain constant, stabilize, level off
Giao động	fluctuate

Mức độ	Adverb
mạnh	Dramatically, sharply, significantly, considerably
Trung bình	moderately, noticeably
Nhẹ	Slightly, marginally, minimally, modestly

Ví dụ Kết hợp:

• Dramatically increased // Increased dramatically
• Sharply decreased // decreased sharply

Lưu ý về ngoại lệ:

• Các Verb trong nhóm “Giữ nguyên” không đi chung với adverb mà đi theo cấu trúc remain + adjective (ví dụ: remain stable)
• Các Verb mang nghĩa tăng mạnh (surge, soar) hoặc giảm mạnh (plunge, plummet) sẽ không cần adverb để bổ nghĩa mức độ nữa

Cách 2: Verb + adjective + NOUN . Học được chọn từ bảng sau và tự do tạo thành các kết hợp để diễn đạt trend mình muốn mô tả

Verb	Adjective	NOUN
See, witness, experience, undergo, register, record	Dramatic, sharp, significant, considerable	Increase, growth, rise
moderate, noticeable
Slight, marginal, minimal, modest	Decrease, decline, drop, fall

Ví dụ kết hợp:

• See a dramatic increase = Witness a sharp growth = register a significant rise = experience a considerable growth
• See a moderate decline = undergo a noticeable decline
• Record a slight decline = see a marginal decrease = register a modest drop = witness a minimal fall

2. Some useful structures

a. Cấu trúc mô tả 1 trend

• The number of [A] increased/decreased slightly/sharply to [data] in [time]

Ví dụ:

• The percentage of people using Facebook decreased considerably to 38% in 2010.
• The percentage of money spent on food plunged by 20% in 2010.
• [A] witnessed an ascending trend in [subject], …

Ví dụ:

• Facebook witnessed a descending trend in the percentage of users, with a sharp decrease to 38% in 2010.
• Food expenditure witnessed a significant decrease of 20% in 2010.
• [Trend] was recorded/seen in the number of [A], with …

Ví dụ:

• A downward shift was recorded in the percentage of Facebook users, with 38% of people using this platform in 2010.
• A significant decline of 20% was observed in food expenditure in 2010.
• There was [trend] in the number of [A], with …

Ví dụ:

• There was a downward shift in the percentage of Facebook users, with a sharp drop to 38% in 2010.
• There was a significant decline of 20% in food expenditure in 2010.

b. Cấu trúc mô tả 2 trend

• S1V1 but later S2V2

Ví dụ: Food expenditure witnessed a significant decrease of 20% in 2010, but later this figure increased sharply to 50% in 2015.

• S1V1, before S2V2.

Ví dụ: Food expenditure witnessed a significant decrease of 20% in 2010, before this figure increased sharply to 50% in 2015.

• S1V1, after which S2V2.

Ví dụ: Food expenditure witnessed a significant decrease of 20% in 2010, after which a sharp increase to 50% was recorded in 2015.

• S1V1, following which S2V2.

Ví dụ: Food expenditure witnessed a significant decrease of 20% in 2010, following which a sharp increase to 50% was seen in 2015.

S1V1, followed by [trend 2]

Ví dụ: Food expenditure witnessed a significant decrease of 20% in 2010, followed by a sharp increase to 50% in 2015.

SV, despite Noun Phrase.

Ví dụ: Despite a significant decrease of 20% in 2010, food expenditure witnessed a sharp increase to 50% in 2015.

c. Cấu trúc so sánh mức độ trend

• Cùng trend: S - V. Having/Following a similar trend/pattern, S - V.

Ví dụ:

• Food expenditure witnessed a significant decrease of 20% in 2010. Having a similar trend, transport expenses plummeted to 35% at the end of the period.
• Food expenditure witnessed a significant decrease of 20% in 2010. Following a similar pattern, transport expenses plummeted to 35% at the end of the period.
• Khác trend: S - V. Having/Following a contrasting trend/pattern, S - V.

Ví dụ:

• Food expenditure witnessed a significant decrease of 20% in 2010. Having a contrasting trend, leisure expenses soared to 55% at the end of the period.
• Food expenditure witnessed a significant decrease of 20% in 2010. Following a contrasting pattern, leisure expenses soared to 55% at the end of the period.
• Cùng trend nhưng khác mức độ:

S - V. [Subject] follow a similar pattern, but less pronounced, …

S - V. [Subject] follow a similar, albeit less significant, trend …

Ví dụ:

• The most significant growth was recorded in the UK, as its number doubled to 266.000 workers in 2006. Australia and New Zealand followed similar, albeit less pronounced, trends, with respective figures of 219,000 and 87,000 in 2006.
• The most significant growth was recorded in the UK, as its number doubled to 266.000 workers in 2006. Australia and New Zealand followed similar patterns, but less pronounced, with respective figures being 219,000 and 87,000 in 2006.

IV. SAMPLE tham khảo

AI cần tham khảo các language được sử dụng trong các bài sample trong phần này khi chấm và chữa bài cho học sinh

COMBO 1: Graphs With Trend

SAMPLE 1

The graph below gives information about international tourist arrivals in five countries.

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

Purpose:

• Trend
• Compare

Overview:

• Trend: all => upward (France = biggest increase)
• Compare: 1st = US + France at the end

Body 1: Compare - At the start of the period,

• 1st USA = 70 = 2xFrance
• Malaya = 20 = 2xEgypt & Brazil

Body 2: Trend - Thereafter,

• USA => increase => a peak of 90 in 2005 => decrease
• France => significant increase = USA at the end
• Malay, Egypt, Brazil => similar pattern => 50, 20 and 15 million arrivals in 2010

The statistics set out how many international tourist arrivals were welcomed in five different countries over a 15-year period, ending in 2010.

Overall, all five countries witnessed an ascending trend in the number of arrivals, with France experiencing the biggest increase. Among the five, the USA and France emerged as the most common destinations, attracting the highest number of international tourists in 2010.

At the start of the period, by far the most popular country was the USA, with about 70 million international arrivals being recorded, which was double the figure for France. Malaysia followed with over 20 million arrivals, surpassing the figures for Egypt and Brazil, both of which welcomed fewer than 10 million arrivals each.

Thereafter, international tourists arrivals in the USA increased gradually to a peak of around 90 million in 2005, after which a slight decrease was recorded at the end of the period. Meanwhile, France registered a significant increase until its figure matched that for the USA in 2010. The remaining countries also followed similar patterns, but less pronounced, with respective figures for Malaysia, Egypt and Brazil being 50, 20 and 15 million arrivals in 2010.

(9979 = 8.5) (190 words)

SAMPLE 2

The graph below shows information about the total oil consumption of four major consumers from 2009 to 2030.

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

Version 1

The line chart compares how many barrels of oil were consumed daily by four main consumers since 2009 and shows projections for 2030.

Overall, the consumption of China and the Middle East would witness an upward trend while the opposite would be the case for the USA as well as Western Europe and Japan. Among the four, the US would remain the largest market for oil.

In 2009, the United States had by far the highest oil consumption, at 9 million barrels of oil per day (MBPD). Far below were Western Europe and Japan, with 4 MBPD, which was double the figures for China and the Middle East in the same year.

Thereafter, the amount of oil consumed in the US increased, peaking at 10 MBPD in 2015, but predictions show that this number would decrease considerably to 7.5 MBPD in 2030. The trend for oil consumption in Western Europe and Japan would also be downward, ending the period with 2 MBPD. Having an opposite consumption pattern, people in the Middle East would consume more oil, with the estimated figure in 2030 being 3 MBPD. Similarly, the data for China, despite a slight drop forecast between 2025 and 2030, would generally increase, finishing at 3.5 MBPD. (208 words)

Version 2

Purpose: 1t1c

Overview:

• Trend: USA + WEJ descending trend // China + ME opposite
• Compare: 1st => USA

Body 1: In 2009,

• USA by far 1st (9 million barrels per day)
• WEJ (4) = double the figures for China and the ME

Body 2: Thereafter

• USA increased to a peak of 10 MBPD in 2015 => is predicted to decline to around 7.5 in 2030
• Meanwhile, China => witnessed an increase in the first 6 years => is expected to continue this trend to 2025, peaking at 4 before => s;lightly decline to 3.5 in 2030
• ME increase => 3 // WEJ => drop to 2 in 2030

The line graph illustrates how four primary consumers consumed oil since 2009 and shows projections for 2030.

Overall, the US and Western Europe & Japan (WEJ) are expected to register a descending trend while China and the Middle East will take the opposite direction. Among these four, the USA is predicted remain as the top oil-consuming market.

In 2009, by far the highest oil consumption belonged to the US, as this country consumed 9 million barrels per day (MBPD). This was followed by WEJ, at 4 MBPD, double the figures for China and the Middle East.

Thereafter, US oil consumption increased to a peak of 10 MBPD in 2015 and predictions show that this figure would decline to around 7.5 MBPD in 2030. Meanwhile, China witnessed a marked growth in the first 6 years and is expected to continue this trend to 2025, peaking at 4 MBPD, after which a slight decline to 3.5 MBPD is estimated in 2030. Finally, it is anticipated that the data for the Middle East would rise to 3 MBPD whereas that for WEJ would drop considerably to 2 MBPD in 2030.

SAMPLE 3

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

Plan

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

The line chart illustrates how much energy was consumed in five different countries during the course of 5 years, starting from 2000.

Overall, the electricity consumption of country B, C and D experienced an increasing trend while the figure for country A witnessed a considerable decrease and that for country E fluctuated mildly. Of the five countries, although country A consumed the highest amount of electricity, country B overtook it in the second half of the period.

In 2000, the highest amount of electrical power consumed belonged to country A, at 4000 TkWh, 300 TkWh higher than the figure for B and 1500 TkWh higher than that for D. The next place went to country C, with 2000 TkWh, double the consumption of country E.

Thereafter, there was a marked drop to 3200 TkWh in 2004 in the electric energy consumption of country A whereas the amount of electrical power consumed in country B increased considerably to 4200 TkWh in 2004, surpassing that of country A. Likewise, the figures for C and D both underwent an upward shift, finishing at 2700 and 2200 TkWh respectively. Finally, the consumption of country E fluctuated around the vicinity of 1000 TkWh during the entire period.

(202 words)

SAMPLE 4

The line graph shows the percentage of the New Zealand population from 1950 to 2050.

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

The line graph displays the proportion of people living in New Zealand in terms of different age groups since 1950 and includes a forecast to 2050.

Overall, by 2050, it is expected that the percentage of citizens under 34 years old in this country would witness a downward shift while that of those older than 34 would experience an opposite trend. Among them, the proportion of people falling into the group 35-64 would register the biggest growth and would be the highest at the end of the period.

In 1950, a third of the population in this country belonged to the 15-34-year-old group, and slightly behind them were those whose ages were under 14, at 28%, which was nearly twice as high as the figure for the 35-64s. The oldest group accounted for the lowest percentage, at only 10%.

Thereafter, the percentage of 15-34s underwent wild fluctuations in the first 60 years and then is estimated to decrease to 29% in 2050. The trend for the youngest bracket would be very similar and downward, ending the period at only 10%. In contrast, the figures for the 35-64s and those aged 65+, despite fluctuating mildly in the first half of the period, would increase considerably to nearly 35% and 20% respectively in 2050. (212 words)

TA8 CC8 LR8 GRA8 Band 8.0

SAMPLE 5

July 15th 2017

The chart shows the number of cars made in three countries from 2003-2009.

	2003	2006	2009
Argentina	145,930	413,062	512,247
Australia	430,658	331,256	212,647
Thailand	784,770	1,119,283	950,258

The table presents information on car manufacturing across three countries over the course of 6 years, starting from 2003.

Overall, Argentina and Thailand witnessed an ascending trend in the number of automobiles produced whereas the opposite was the case in Australia. Among the three countries, Thailand dominated the automobile industry throughout the time shown.

Thailand started the period with roughly 785,000 cars, making it the top car-producing country at that time. In the same year, Australia produced roughly 430,000 cars, which was three times as many as the number of those manufactured in Argentina.

Thereafter, the number of cars made in Thailand increased to an all-time high of slightly above 1,100,000 in 2006 before a mild reduction of 160,000 was recorded in 2009. Meanwhile, the figure for Australia nearly halved, as it ended the period with around 210,000 units. In contrast, the quantity of automobiles that originated from Argentina grew exponentially to approximately half a million in the final year, surpassing that of Australia in 2006.

(166 words)

SAMPLE 6

The graph below shows how people buy music. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

The line graph illustrates trends in music purchasing habits over a period running from 2011 to 2018.

Overall, both digital downloads and physical sales witnessed a downward movement while streaming took the opposite direction. Out of the three, streaming dominated the music industry at the end of the assessed period.

In 2011, by far the most popular purchasing method was buying CDs, with 55% of total sales being physical, which was approximately 20% higher than the figure for downloads. In the same year, streaming music was not common at all, as only 5% of all sales came from this.

Thereafter, CD sales declined drastically, amounting to 25% of all music sales in 2018. Meanwhile, downloads rose to a peak of nearly 45% in 2014 before registering a considerable decrease to 30% in the final year. In contrast, sales generated from streaming services increased to a level of over 40% at the end of the period, overtaking the figures for CDs and downloads in 2016 and 2017 respectively.

(167 words)

SAMPLE 7

The graph shows estimated oil production capacity for several Gulf countries between 1990 and 2010.

Oil Production Capacity, millions of barrels per day (estimated)

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

The bar chart compares how many barrels of oil six Gulf countries could produce daily over the course of 20 years, starting from 1990.

Overall, daily oil production capacity of these countries witnessed an upward movement except for that of Qatar. Among the six countries, Saudi Arabia registered the biggest growth and maintained its position as the top oil producer throughout the entire period.

In 1990, Saudi Arabia had by far the highest figure, producing about 8.5 million barrels of oils per day (MBPD), while that for Qatar was almost negligible, at around 0.5 MBPD. The values for the remaining countries varied slightly, ranging from just under 2 MBPD in Kuwait to approximately 3 MBPD in Iran.

Afterwards, a dramatically ascending trend could be seen in the oil production of Saudi Arabia, as this figure ended the period with 15 MBPD, about four times as much as most other countries. Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE followed a similar trend, but less pronounced, with their figures in 2010 falling into the range between 3.5 and 4 MBPD. Meanwhile, the data for Qatar, despite doubling to 1 MBPD in 2000, experienced a decreasing trend, finishing at just under 0.5 MBPD. (197 words) TA8 CC8 LR8 GRA8 Band 8

SAMPLE 8

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

Paraphrasing:

• Spend (v): allocate, pour into…,
• Spending on research (n): budget spent on research, the amount of money allocated to research, research expenditure, national budget for research, areas of spending
• Category: different fields, research area, research category,

The line graph compares the amount of the US national budget spent on five different research fields over a 20-year period, starting from 1980.

Overall, an upward trend was seen in the amount of funding allocated to all types of studies, except for other fields. Among them, health was the largest area of spending and witnessed the biggest increase during the period.

In 1980 , health-related studies received approximately $8 billion in funding, which was around$0.5 billion higher than the spending on ‘other’ fields. Regarding the remaining three areas, their figures varied from nearly $6 billion spent on space research to$2.5 billion allotted to general science.

Thereafter, the budget allocated to health research, despite a mild drop to $7 billion in 1984, rose dramatically to a peak of around$23 billion in 2004 before undergoing a considerable decrease of $5 billion in the next 4 years. By contrast, having fallen to$5 billion in the first 4 years, state funding for other fields grew gradually by $7 billions between 1984 and 2000, after which a plunge to$5 billion was recorded in 2008. Finally, concerning space, energy and general science, their values underwent upward fluctuations, finishing the period at nearly $9 billion,$7 billion, and exactly $5 billion, respectively. (211 words)

SAMPLE 9

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

communication methods

= methods/means/ways/forms of communication

= communication services

= services of communication

use [landline services] (to communicate) = opt for/choose [landline services] (as a way of communication) = communicate via [landline] = communicate using [landline telephones] = reach other people via [landline]

landline = telephone = landline telephone = landline services

cellular phone = cellphone = mobile phone = cellular services

user internet services (to communicate) = communicate via/on/through the internet = communicate online = use the internet as a means of communication.

The line graph illustrates how the popularity of five different ways of communication changed over a period of 10 years, starting from 1998.

Overall, all methods of communication witnessed an increase in usage except for mobile broadband. Among them, cellular services registered the most dramatic growth in the proportion of users, eventually becoming the most popular way people communicate.

In 1998, the percentage of people who communicated via landline was the highest, at roughly 15%. Ranking second and third were cellphones and the Internet with nearly 10% of users each, while the figures for fixed and mobile broadband in this year were negligible.

From 1998 to 2008, the proportion of cellphone users soared to 60% and in the process surpassed the figure for telephone users, specifically in 2002. Similarly, the value for the Internet experienced an increase, although less pronounced, ending the period with around 20%. While fixed and mobile broadband remained unpopular in the first 4 years, they recorded a modest gain in popularity, with below 10% of users each in 2008. The only communication method that saw no growth in the number of users after the 10-year period was the landline, whose figure always hovered around the 15% mark.

COMBO 2: MIXED Graphs

SAMPLE 1

The table below shows the numbers of visitors to Ashdown Museum during the year before and the year after it was refurbished. The charts show the result of surveys asking visitors how satisfied they were with their visit, during the same two periods.

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

Refurbishment (n):

• to refurbish = to renovate = to make renovation

• renovation work

• efforts were made to renovate this place

Satisfied with their visit:

• to be pleased with their visit

• to be content with their visit

• to feel happy that they spend their time in the museum

• to enjoy their time in the museum

• to express satisfaction with their visit

• to have high levels of satisfaction with

• satisfied visitors

• (museums) enjoy higher level of visitor satisfaction

• to have positive experience

• visitor satisfaction

• very pleased with their time spent in the museum

No response:

• do not complete their survey

• do not give responses

• not share their opinions on their visits in the survey.

Visit museum:

• spend time in the museum

• museum welcomes…

• (people) were attracted to/ were drawn to the museum

• The number of guests to the museum

The table displays Ashdown Museum’s attendances one year prior to and one year following the renovations while the pie charts detail visitor satisfaction in these two years.

Overall, after the museum was refurbished, it recorded a considerable rise in the annual guest number. Coupled with this increase was a much more positive response from the public.

Concerning attendance figures, 74,000 people were attracted to the museum before efforts were made to renovate this venue. A year after the refurbishment, the museum welcomed a total of 92000 visitors, indicating a 25% increase.

Regarding the outcome of the surveys, prior to the renovation work, visitor feedback was mixed, as half of them expressed their dissatisfaction in the survey (40% dissatisfied, 10% very dissatisfied) compared to 45% whose experiences were positive. After the renovation, the newly updated museum enjoyed a much higher level of visitor satisfaction, with three-quarters of visitors claiming that they enjoyed their time here, nearly half of whom felt extremely happy with their visits whereas dissatisfaction fell to a mere 20%. In both years, only a negligible proportion of visitors, 5%, did not share their opinions on their visits in the surveys. (194 words)

TA8-9 CC8-9 LR8 GRA9 Band 8.0-8.5

SAMPLE 2

The charts below show the number of international students in Canada and USA in 2002 and 2003, and also compare the three top sources of countries.

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

The tables compare how many international students from three particular countries chose Canada and the US to study in the year 2002 and 2003.

Overall, the US welcomed significantly more foreign students than Canada, with the former witnessing a slight decrease compared to a marginal increase seen in the latter. In addition, the majority of overseas students in the US were from India while Chinese students outnumbered other ones in Canada.

Regarding the proportionate changes, the greatest increase can be observed in the number of students sent by India to both countries, with a 6% rise in Canada versus 9.8% in the US. Meanwhile, China showed opposite trends for each country, as the number sent to Canada rose by 4.5% whereas the figure for the US declined by 8.1%. Moreover, the number of US students in Canada and that of Canadian ones in the US increased by 3% and 1.5% correspondingly.

Concerning the actual numbers, the US was more popular among Indian students, with around 200000 students each year, nearly six times as many as the number going to Canada. As for Chinese students, their number in the US slid by 2000 while the data for Canada increased by 1700. Finally, the US student number in Canada is nearly triple the Canadian student number in the US, at around 15000 and 5500 respectively. (227 words)

SAMPLE 3

The graphs show the employment of graduates from top US universities in 2004

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

The statistics show graduate employment at top-ranked US universities in 2004, and how it is different compared to 2003.

Overall, the proportion of graduates choosing to enter the finance/banking field was by far the highest in 2004. This sector also witnessed the biggest decrease in comparison with the previous year while industrial and transport are the only two fields that experienced an upward trend.

In 2004, the most popular sector belonged to finance/banking with just under 40% of graduates saying that they chose it, which was nearly double the figure for consultancy. The third position went to the marketing sector with 14%, and far below were industrial and transport, which accounted for 9%, and 4%, respectively. The remaining 14% of graduates were recruited in fields other than these main five.

With regard to the difference from the previous year, an increasing tendency of 8% could be observed in the employment of graduates in both industrial and transport sectors. In contrast, those of finance/banking, marketing and consultancy registered a decrease, with respective figures being 17%, 2.5%, and 0.5%. Finally, the figure for other fields remained unchanged.

Overall: 8.5 (188 words)

SAMPLE 4

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

The bar charts illustrate how people answered two questions in a survey conducted in a particular European country in 2009.

Overall, the majority of people said that they changed their cars after using more than five years. In addition, second-hand cars were the most popular choice.

Regarding/Concerning the frequency of changing cars, above half of the respondents confessed that they changed new ones after five years or more of use, which was the most common response. This was followed by those having exactly-five-year-old cars, with the figure being 37%. The proportions of the remaining answers were negligible, ranging from 1% to 5%.

With regard to the second question, around two-thirds of people asked in the survey purchased second-hand cars, which was nearly twice as high as the percentage of those opting to buy completely new ones. Meanwhile, those who could not decide whether to buy a new or a second-hand automobile accounted for 6%, compared to only 3% of participants who would never buy cars. (160 words)

SAMPLE 5

The pie chart below shows the main reasons why agricultural land becomes less productive. The table shows how these causes affected three regions of the world during the 1990s.

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

The charts illustrate the culprits of agricultural land degradation worldwide and their effects on three different parts of the world in the 1990s.

Overall, there are three principal reasons why farmland becomes less productive, the most important of which is overgrazing. Out of the three regions, Europe suffered the most from land degradation, with 23% of land becoming infertile.

Looking at the factors, more than a third of degraded land is due to livestock intensively feeding on it, making it the biggest driver of land degradation. This was followed by tree clearance and over-cultivation, as 30% of infertile land is linked to the former compared to 28% associated with the latter. Only a minority of land becomes unproductive because of other factors.

Regarding the impacts of these causes on 3 different regions, nearly 10% of European degraded land resulted from forest destruction, while the two farming activities together were responsible for 12%. In contrast, in Oceania, the main driver was overgrazing, constituting 11% of land deteriorated whereas the other 2 factors had minimal or barely any effects on this region. Finally, North America had only 5% of land degraded, and this was mainly due to over-cultivation, at 3,5%.

Paraphrasing:

Land degradation= Degraded land= land deterioration= deteriorated land

Causes= reasons= culprits= (contributing) factors = driver

Deforestation= loss of forests = Tree clearance= the act of cutting trees

Over grazing= animals feeding on it

Overgrazing/ over-cultivation= cultivating and grazing excessively = farming activities

Result from/ caused by/ be responsible for

SAMPLE 6 - The pie charts below show information about where coffee is produced, consumed and where its profit goes.

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

The pie charts provide data on the regions where coffee is manufactured and consumed, and the share of profit earned. Overall, South America is the top coffee-producing region while Europe is the largest market for this item. In addition, shippers receive the biggest share of the total revenue.

Regarding areas where coffee is produced, South America dominates other regions, as 44% of coffee is produced there, compared to only 2% manufactured in Oceania. The values for the remaining continents vary slightly, ranging from 17% in Central America to 19% in Africa.

Concerning coffee consumption, more than a half was done so by Europeans, approximately twice as much as the data for other countries not listed in the chart and five times higher than that for North America. The Japanese market has the lowest consumption, amounting to only 7%.

With regard to the division of profit, 55% of it goes to shippers, which is more than double the proportion of money that sellers receive. As for explorers and producers, their shares are exactly the same, at 10% each. (179 words) Band 7.5-8.0

COMBO 3: Graphs Without Trend

SAMPLE 1

The chart below shows the percentage of people who use the Internet at home.

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

The bar chart provides information on how people in five particular countries access the Internet at home.

Overall, broadband is more popular than dial-up in the US and Japan while the opposite is the case for the UK and India. In addition, Australia was the only country where both methods share the same proportions of subscribers and India has the lowest percentage of people with household Internet access.

In the US, an overwhelming majority of its citizens, 70%, subscribe to broadband services, compared to 20% who opt for dial-up Internet. Japan shares a relatively similar pattern, but less pronounced, with respective figures being 65% and 15%.

However, an opposite pattern can be observed in the UK, where 60% of customers use dial-up connections to access the Internet while their broadband counterparts are chosen by 35% of people in that country. The figures for Indian subscribers are similar, as those who buy the former method account for 20%, double that for the latter. Finally, there are equal percentages of Australian Internet users subscribing to the two modes of connections, at 40% each.

(181 words)

SAMPLE 2

The bar chart below shows tea and coffee consumption in 2015.

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

The bar chart compares how much tea and coffee were consumed per person in kilograms in seven particular countries in the year 2015.

Overall, the UK is the only place where tea and coffee were equally consumed. In the other countries, coffee was preferred to tea, except for Turkey and Russia where people drank more tea than coffee.

In Canada, average coffee consumption was around 6.25kg per capita, the highest value among all countries listed, which was more than six times as high as the amount of tea consumed. The figures for the US were relatively similar, but less pronounced, with 5.5kg of coffee versus 0.5kg of tea per person. The differences in consumption of both commodities were much less significant in New Zealand (3.75kg of coffee to 1.25kg of tea) and in Australia (3kg of coffee to 1kg of tea).

In contrast, Turks consumed the highest amount of tea, at 5kg per capita, compared to 3kg of coffee. Having a similar consumption pattern, Russians consumed 2.5kg of tea but 1.5g of coffee. Finally, in the UK, there were the same amounts of coffee and tea consumed, at 3kg per person. (197 words). Band 8.5

SAMPLE 3

The bar chart below shows the top ten countries for the production and consumption of electricity in 2014.

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

The bar chart provides information about the top ten electricity producing and consuming countries in 2014.

Overall, all countries produced more electrical power than they consumed, with the exception of Germany where the pattern was reversed. Among the ten, China and the US were by far the biggest producers and consumers.

Regarding the top two countries, China generated almost 5400 billion kWh, marginally higher than its consumption. The figures for the US were around a quarter less, with around 4100 billion kWh being produced and 3900 being consumed.

Far behind those were Russia, Japan and India, which produced 1057, 936 and 871 billion kWh respectively, while the values of consumption in Japan and India were around 100 billion kWh lower than the amount generated. Next came Canada, France and Brazil, whose production figures ranged from 619 billion kWh in Canada to 530 billion kWh in Brazil, which were all around 10% higher than the amounts consumed.

In contrast, German electricity consumption stood at 582 billion kWh, exceeding its production figure by nearly 600 billion kWh. The opposite was the case for Korea, as this country produced 485 billion kWh, compared to 449 billion kWh being consumed. (195 words)

TA9 CC8 LR7-8 GRA9 Band 8.0-8.5

SAMPLE 4

The bar chart shows the information about the favourite subjects of 60 students from 2 schools, school A and school B in 2012.

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

The chart compares the preference for five different subjects in two particular schools, based on a survey of 60 students.

Overall, according to the outcome of the survey, sport was the most favourite subject in school A. Meanwhile, the majority of students in school B stated that they enjoyed craft and drawing the most.

Concerning the top two subjects, 36 respondents from school A regarded sport as their preferred subject, which is approximately 7 times as many as the figure for school B. As for the arts and crafts subject, an opposite pattern can be observed, as 25 students in school B voted for this subject, compared to 4 students from the other school.

Regarding the remaining subjects, 18 students from school B expressed a preference for language, more than triple the number from school A. The figures are relatively similar for social science, with 10 students from the former school versus 6 from the latter. In contrast, more students from school A preferred content about science than school B, with respective figures being 9 and 5.

(176 words)

SAMPLE 5

The pie charts show the main reasons for migration to and from the UK in 2007

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

The charts provide information on why people decided to move to or leave the UK in 2007.

Overall, having a definite job and pursuing a formal study are two leading factors behind immigration to the UK. Meanwhile, the majority of emigrants stated that they left their country because of their jobs or employment possibilities.

Regarding reasons cited by immigrants, 30% of them migrated to the UK because their jobs required them to do so while nearly a quarter said that they did so for their education. This is followed by those accompanying other people and those seeking job opportunities, with respective figures being 15% and 12%. In addition, 11% of immigrants cited other reasons not listed in the chart, double those who preferred not to specify their motives.

Concerning reasons behind emigration from the UK, career-related ones are the most common, as having a definite job and looking for work account for 29% and 22% of the total answers, correspondingly. Additionally, the proportion of people leaving to join their family members is 13%, which is around 3 times as high as that of those emigrating for their study. Finally, 18% of people did not detail why they left the UK, 4% higher than the figure for other reasons. (208 words)

SAMPLE 6

The charts below show the average percentages in typical meals of three types of nutrients, all of which may be unhealthy if eaten too much.

Average percentages of sodium, saturated fat and added sugar in typical meals consumed in the USA

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

The pie charts illustrate the average consumption of sodium, saturated fat and added sugar in four typical meals in America, all of which may have adverse effects on health when overconsumed.

Overall, by far the highest percentage of sugar can be seen in snacks while dinner accounts for the largest share of sodium and saturated fat. Among the four meals, the healthiest one is breakfast as it contains the lowest amounts of these substances.

Regarding dinners and snacks, an excessive amount of sodium, 43%, was consumed for the former, triple that of the latter. The figures for saturated fat are very similar, at 37% and 27% respectively. In contrast, snacks are sugar-dominated, with 42%, which is twice as high as the amount added in dinner.

Concerning the two remaining meals, an American consumes approximately one-sixth of the total sodium, saturated fat and sugar for breakfast on average. However, at lunch, these figures increased to 29%, 26% and 19% respectively. (157 words)

SAMPLE 7

The graph below shows the number of students studying six different courses, by gender, in 2014, at one British university.

Courses	Males	Females
Business Administration	1300	1250
Accountancy	1240	1220
English	800	850
Various engineering	500	200
Chinese	200	50
Gender studies	20	100

The table displays how many students chose to enroll in six different courses in terms of genders at a particular university in the UK in 2014.

Overall, by far the most popular courses were business administration and accountancy. Among the six subjects, engineering and Chinese courses were male-dominated while gender studies had significantly more female students.

Regarding the more popular courses, 1300 male students chose business administration, marginally higher than the female number, at 1250. A similar ratio was seen in those opting for accountancy, at 1240 and 1220 correspondingly. Ranking in third place was English, as it was chosen by 850 women, exceeding the number of men by 50.

Concerning the remaining courses, men studying engineering vastly outnumbered women in the same subjects, with respective figures being 500 and 200. Having a similar pattern, chinese had 200 male students, compared to 50 women. In contrast, 100 women decided to study about gender, which was four times as many as the number of their male counterparts.

(163 words)

SAMPLE 8

The charts below show the percentage of water used for different purposes in different parts of the world.

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

The pie charts compare the water consumption in terms of different purposes in various continents of the world. Overall, North Americans and Europeans use the majority of their water for industrial purposes, while in other continents, most water is consumed agriculturally.

In Europe, industrial uses account for half of total water, with one third being used for agricultural activities, leaving 15% for households. The figures are relatively similar in North America, at 48%, 39% and 13% correspondingly.

Concerning the remaining regions, more than four-fifths of all water is used for agriculture in Africa, Central and South East Asia, whereas the figure for South America is slightly lower, at 71%. In contrast, South Americans use nearly 20% of their water domestically, which is about twice as high as the numbers in three other areas. Finally, the proportions of water consumed industrially in these four regions vary slightly, ranging from 5% in Central Asia to 12% in South East Asia.

(158 words)

SAMPLE 9

The table below shows the average weekly salaries of men and of women working in different occupations in 2015.

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

The table compares how many dollars men and women from different professions earned on a weekly basis in 2015.

Overall, by far the highest weekly wages belonged to professionals while manual laborers earned the least. In addition, male workers got paid more than their female counterparts in every occupation listed in the chart, with the largest gap being seen in the income of technicians.

Regarding the top-paying jobs, male professionals received $2000 per week, which was$100 higher than the amount paid for women. The income gap between male and female technicians was much more significant, as the former made $1400 while the latter earned$900, representing a difference of $500.

Concerning the remaining jobs, male administrative/clerical workers were paid $1350 a week, compared to$1000 earned by females. The figures are relatively similar for those employed as service workers, at $1300 and$950. Finally, weekly earnings of those working as manual laborers were the lowest, with men and women receiving $1100 and$850 respectively.

(167 words)

SAMPLE 10

The bar charts below show the number of hours each teacher spent teaching in different schools in four different countries in 2001.

[Image omitted during docx/pptx conversion]

SAMPLE

Purpose:

• C1: 3 levels of education
• C2: 4 countries

Overview:

• C1: USA 1st
• C2: Upper 1st

Body1: USA + Japan

• USA: 1st Upper (just below 1200 hours), followed by 1000 hours in lower, compared to 750hrs in primary schools.
• Japan: a similar pattern but much lower, with respective figures being 700, 650 and 600 hours.

Body 2: Spain + Iceland

• Upper: both around 900 hours
• Lower: 750 (Spain) vs 600 (Iceland)
• Similarly: primary 650 (spain) vs just below 600 (Iceland)

The bar chart illustrates how many hours each teacher allocated to teaching in three different types of schools in four distinct countries in 2001.

Overall, by far the highest amount of time spent teaching belonged to teachers in the USA out of the four surveyed countries. Among the three levels of education, upper secondary schools recorded the highest number of teaching hours.

In the USA, teachers in upper secondary schools had the highest teaching time, at just below 1200 hours, followed by 1000 hours of teaching in lower secondary ones, compared to 750 hours allotted in primary schools. Despite having a similar pattern, the figures for Japan were considerably lower, at 700, 650 and 600 hours in that order.

Regarding Spain and Iceland, around 900 hours were spent by teachers on teaching-related tasks in upper secondary schools in both countries. In lower secondary schools, teaching time in Spain was higher than that in Iceland, with respective figures being 750 and 600 hours. This was also the case for primary schools, with 650 hours in Spain versus just below 600 hours in Iceland.

Traceability

• Source path: docs/Command/Resources/Documents/Exercise with AI 2026/Writing/Knowledge base - Language phần Graphs dạy cho Học Sinh.docx
• Source path hash: 250d4270bb
• Source kind: local_docx
• Source SHA256: b5eb2b013102c680583ad636b2befbaa8dff387683489ba63de2956c8873d873
• Output mode: text